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Three ginseng species — American
ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), Oriental ginseng (Panax
ginseng), and Siberian
ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) — have been promoted as
energy
enhancers, stress reducers, and
mood improvers. The active components of ginseng are known as
ginsenosides, more than 20
of which have been identified. The pharmacological activity of each
ginsenoside appears to vary
depending on where the plant grew and the extraction techniques used.
Also, data suggest that the
ginsenoside composition varies widely among commercially available
ginseng products. This
variability makes it difficult to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ginseng
products. Although the exact
pharmacological actions of ginsenosides in humans are not fully
understood, studies suggest that
these substances may increase adrenal hormone synthesis, decrease
blood glucose concentrations, and
promote immunomodulation. Oriental ginseng (Ginsana) may
antagonize the anticoagulant
effects of warfarin. The possible mechanism for this interaction has
not been identified, and it is
not known which ginsenoside or ginsenosides may be responsible.
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